Fig. 3

Biogenesis and structure of EVs. A Exosomes released by 3 stages: Early endosomes are formed by the inward budding of the plasma membrane, or in some cases originate from the trans-Golgi network and generate MVEs. Exosomes are subsequently released upon the fusion of multi-vesicular bodies with the plasma membrane. Alternatively, MVEs can also fuse with lysosomes to be degraded. Several molecules are involved in the biogenesis (e.g., ESCRTs, Syndecan, Tetraspanins, etc.) and fusion of MVEs with the plasma membrane (e.g., SNAREs). Several molecules are involved in the biogenesis and release of macrovesicles. (ESCRTs, ARRDC1, Caveolin Ca2 +). B The exosome's composition (protein, lipid, and nucleic acid families) is depicted schematically. It should be noted that each listed component may be present in some EV subtypes but not in others. (The figure Created by biorender.com)