Table 3 Design differences between preclinical experiments and clinical trials

Disease model

Species

Rodents

Human

Degree of injury

Relative homogeneity

Varying degree of severity

Comorbidity

Healthy

Different degree

Individual differences (age, gender…)

Relative homogeneity

Considerable variability

MSCs

Immunogenicity

Allogeneic & xenogeneic

Autologous & allogeneic

Source

Various sources

BM, UC, AT

Preservation

Cryopreserved

Fresh

Transplantation dose

Relatively small quantity

Large quantity

Time window

Mainly subacute

Mainly chronic

Evaluation Metrics

Fllow-up duration

Short-term

Long-term

Evaluation method

BMS, BBB

ASIA, Imaging

Ethics

Less consideration

Thorough consideration