Fig. 3

The effect of different sources of MSCs on T-cell infiltration and proliferation. a Percentage of total T cell infiltration (TCR-β + cells) in the BAL. Data is represented as the mean ± SEM. Kruskal–Wallis test. Each point represents an independent animal. In vitro assessment of b CD4⁺ and c CD8⁺ T cell proliferation with/without different sources of MSCs. Data is represented min to max plot (n = 4). *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01; Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by 2-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutietli for pairwise comparison. Gene ontology (GO) enrichment analysis showing pathways related to T cell proliferation that are downregulated in d AD-MSCs, BM-MSCs and UC-MSCs compared to PBS. e TNFα secreted in BAL. Data is represented as the mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; Kruskal–Wallis test, followed by 2-stage linear step-up procedure of Benjamini, Krieger, and Yekutietli for pairwise comparison. f Heatmap showing differential expression of genes related to T-cell proliferation following LPS-induced ARDS with/without MSC-therapy