Fig. 6

Metabolic characteristics of SAM Mice. These violin plots illustrates the levels of metabolites within the Identification Level categories Tier 1 and Tier 2 across three groups or specifically between SAMP8_PBS and SAMP8_MSC. Each subfigure is labeled with the corresponding metabolite and statistical values (F value and p value) above it. For subfigures A-I and L–P, each group consists of 11 samples (n = 11). For subfigures J–K, one outlier sample with aberrant coloration caused by jaundice was excluded from the SAMP8_MSC group, reducing its sample size to 10 (n = 10), while the other two groups remain unchanged at 11 samples each (n = 11). P values between groups were calculated using Welch's t-test; P values among three groups were calculated using one-way ANOVA. Q value equals FDR-adjusted p-value (Storey's q-value). Bubble charts illustrating pathway analysis differences between:(Q) SAMP8_MSC and SAMP8_PBS groups, (R) SAMP8_MSC and SAMR1_PBS groups, (S) SAMP8_PBS and SAMR1_PBS groups. The x-axis represents the impact score of metabolic pathways, while the y-axis shows significance levels calculated via enrichment analysis. Each bubble represents a distinct metabolic pathway; the size of the bubble indicates the impact score of the pathway, and the shade of the bubble color denotes the statistical significance of the metabolic pathways