Fig. 1

Biosynthesis and Phenotypic Characterization of Exosomes. Exosomes are small extracellular vesicles that play a role in cell-to-cell communication by transporting proteins, nucleic acids, and lipids between cells. Biosynthesis of exosomes involves sorting cargo molecules into intracavicular vesicles (ILV) in endosomal compartments, which then mature into multivesicular bodies (MVBs). These MVBs can either fuse with lysosomes for degradation or with the plasma membrane to release exosomes with a diameter range of 30–100 nm into the extracellular environment. Exosomes can be characterized based on their size, morphology, surface markers, and cargo molecules such as proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids, including CD63, CD9, CD81, TSG101, Alix, etc. ApoBDs generated during the final stages of cellular programmed death, typically considered to range in diameter from 1 to 5 μm. MVs range in diameter from 50 to 1000 nm and are produced through outward budding of the plasma membrane