Fig. 2
From: Exosomes to exosome-functionalized scaffolds: a novel approach to stimulate bone regeneration
Exosomes effect on different cells during bone regeneration. Exosomes regulate the differentiation and maturation of bone-related cells, including the regulation of MSC osteogenesis and chondroblast differentiation; monocyte differentiation into osteoclasts; endothelial progenitor cell angiogenesis, and macrophage polarization in the bone immune microenvironment