Fig. 4
From: Exosomes to exosome-functionalized scaffolds: a novel approach to stimulate bone regeneration
The strategies of engineering exosomes. The strategy of engineering exosomes typically involves two approaches, including loading target cargos before exosomes isolation and loading after exosomes isolation. Left panel: Pre-isolation loading is usually achieved by transfection, transduction, etc., or by co-culturing small molecules to introduce RNA, proteins, plasmids, etc., into the parent cells and then isolating engineering exosomes. Right panels: Post-isolation loading is typically done by electroporation, ultrasonication, etc., to directly transfer nucleic acids, small molecules, proteins, etc., into the exosomes