Fig. 1

Global landscape of stem cell therapy trials for neurological diseases. a: Stem cell therapy trials, by status, as of December 31, 2023. b: The number of clinical trials worldwide from 1998 to 2023, divided into five-year periods, with a standalone analysis for 2023. Each period includes the total number of trials and a breakdown by phase. c: Number of clinical trials in the top 15 countries and regions. d: Top 10 neurological diseases treated with different stem cell types. MSC: mesenchymal stem cells, HSC: hematopoietic stem cells, NSC: neural stem cells, ESC: embryonic stem cell, iPSC: induced pluripotent stem cell. Others include epithelial stem cells and dopaminergic progenitors