Table 1 Therapeutic effects of exosome-derived from different cells in attenuation of inflammatory diseases

Inflammatory bowel disease

Murine Colon Cancer cell CT26-Exos

In vivo Mouse Model

Pro-inflammatory cytokine secretion by colonic DCs and selective suppression of Th17 cell

[95]

Human ADSC-Exos

In vivo C57BL/6 (6–8 weeks) mice; In vitro Cell line Hcoepic, MSCs, and Human adipose tissues;

Increased the growth and empower colon organoids

[96]

hucMSCs-Exos

In vitro human umbilical cord MSCs, In vivo Male KM mice (6-week)

Inhibit the expression of IL-7 in macrophages and reduce inflammatory responses

[97]

Bovine colostrum-derived Exosomes

In vivo Murine Model

Alleviate colitis Symptoms by modulating intestinal inflammatory immune responses.

[98]

Macrophage-derived exosomes

In vivo C57BL/6 mice aged 7 weeks

Colitis induced by inducing intestinal barrier Dysfunction through the inhibition of TMIGD1.

[99]

Liver Injury and Fibrosis

hucMSCs-Exos

In vivo C57BL/6 J mice (6–8 weeks)

Induce proinflammatory macrophages into an anti-inflammatory phenotype

[114]

ADSC-Exos

In vivo C57/BL6 mice; In vitro Immortalized human hepatic stellate cell line LX-2 & Mouse hepatocyte cell line AML12

Suppress HSCs activation and modify hepatocellular glutamine synthetase-mediated glutamine and ammonia metabolism.

[115]

TNF-α pretreatment of hucMSCs-Exos

In vivo C57BL/6 male mice (6 week); In vitro RAW264.7 mouse celiac monocytes

Inhibiting the activation of the NLRP3-related inflammatory pathway and increasing the expression of microRNA 299 3p in T-Exo.

[116]

Human BMSCs-Exos

In vivo Sprague Dawley (SD) rats (8-week old)

Improve CCl4-induced liver fibrosis by inhibiting Wnt/β-catenin signaling, preventing HSC activation.

[117]

Exosomes derived from natural killer cells

In vivo BALB/c mice (6–8 weeks); In vitro LX-2 cells (human HSC line)

Inhibited TGF-β1-induced HSC proliferation and alleviated CCl4-induced liver fibrosis

[118]

Lung Inflammation and Injury

Alveolar Epithelial Cells-derived Exosome

In vivo SD rats (4–5 weeks old); In vitro alveolar epithelial cell line RLE-6TN

Activate AMs, which cause pulmonary inflammation and constitute a potential diagnostic biomarker for ALI.

[122]

Alveolar macrophage-derived exosomes

In vivo (SPF) Balb/c mice ( 10 weeks); In vitro rat alveolar macrophage cell line NR8383

BALF-exosomes as a modulator of the inflammatory response and cell communication during ALI

[123]

BMSCs-Exos

In vivo SD rats (4–6 weeks old)

Effects on phosgene-induced ALI by regulating inflammation, decreasing MMP-9 production, and increasing SP-C levels.

[124]

BMSCs-Exos

In vivo Adult male C57BL/6 mice; In vitro murine alveolar macrophage cell line MH-S

Inhibited endotoxin-induced glycolysis and alleviated LPS-induced inflammation and lung pathological damage.

[125]

ADSC-Exos

In vivo C57BL/6 mice aged 6–8 weeks and IL27r−/−C57BL/6 mice

Inhibited IL-27 production in macrophages alleviated sepsis-induced ALI

[126]

Neuroinflammation and Traumatic Brain Injury

hucMSCs-Exos

In vivo Wistar rat pups(2 days old); In vitro human Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells

Suppressing pro-inflammatory cytokine transcription and production, as well as reducing microglial accumulation.

[143]

Astrocyte-derived exosomes

In vivo mice (C57BL/10ScNJ (10–12 weeks); In vitro damaged brain tissue

Reduces neuroinflammation by inhibiting the NF-κB signaling pathway and microglia-mediated inflammation.

[145, 146]

BMSCs-Exos

In vivo C57BL/6J male mice (6–8 week); In vitro BV2 cells (RRID: CVCL_0182)

Polarization of microglia to the anti-inflammatory phenotype, inhibiting neuroinflammatory response

[147]

hADSC- Exos

In vivo Sprague-Dawley rats (6–8 weeks); In vitro Mixed neural cell culture

Improving the injury microenvironment, reducing exacerbated neuronal injury, and preventing proinflammatory activation.

[148]

Dual mesenchymal stem cells and neural stem cells derived exosome

In vivo Murine Model

Modulate microglial polarization toward the M2 phenotype, enhance axonal outgrowth, and neural repair in PC12 cells.

[149]

Myocardial infarction

M2 macrophage-derived exosome

In vivo C57BL/6 male mice (8–10 weeks); In vitro Human endothelial cells

Enhanced the angiogenic ability of Ecs, promoting angiogenesis after myocardial infarction

[162]

Embryonic Stem Cell-Derived exosomes

In vivo male C57BL/6, 8–12 weeks old; In vitro MEFs, H9c2 myoblasts, and human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Has cardiac regeneration capabilities and affects both cardiomyocytes and CPC-based repair mechanisms in the heart.

[165]

ADSC-Exos

In vivo male C57BL/6 wild-type mice; In vitro human microvascular endothelial cells (HMEC-1)

Alleviate cardiac injury and promote cardiac function recovery

[163]

BMSCs-Exos

In vivo male Sprague Dawley rats (3 weeks); In vitro cardiac H9c2 cells

Inhibitory effects on myocardiocyte apoptosis associated with MI,

[166]

Induced cardiomyocytes-derived exosome

In vivo Female beige mice (10–14 weeks); In vitro included induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (is

Regulating autophagy in hypoxic cardiomyocytes, enabling a cell-free, patient‐specific therapy.

[164]

Acute Kidney Injury

hucMSCs-Exos

In vivo Adult male;

In vitro Mouse tubular epithelial cells

The cell viability of cisplatin-injured TECs was significantly improved by treatment with 3D-Exos

[186]

FRCs -derived Exosome

In Vivo 25–30-gram C57/BL6 mice

CD5L-enriched FRC-Exos, inhibits NLRP3 inflammasome by PINK-Parkin-mediated mitophagy, increasing kidney function and survival rate.

[187]

hAECs-derived Exosomes

In vivo (8–12 weeks)Male C57BL6/J mice

In vitro Human umbilical vein endothelial cells

Exosomes prevented sepsis-induced NF-κB pathway activation and endothelial hyperactivation, preserved the endothelial cell adhesion junction, and inhibited LPS-induced

[188]

BMSCs-Exos

In vivo Adult male Sprague-Dawley rat; In vitro human renal tubular epithelial cell line HK-2

BMSCs-Exos mitigate inflammation and apoptosis through autophagy in S-AKI.

[189]

USC-Exos

In vivo Adult Sprague Dawley rats; In vitro HK-2 H/R model

Exosomes reduce pyroptosis and AKI by promoting cell proliferation and blocking the activation of the NLR family pyrin domain containing 3 via the circ DENND4C/miR 138-5p/FOXO3a pathway.

[190]