Fig. 3

Carbon flux of D-glucose-¹³C6 in glycolysis, PPP, and TCA cycle in high magnesium environment. This schematic demonstrates increased carbon flux in the glycolysis pathway, leading to elevated lactate production in ENCCs in a high magnesium environment. However, there is no significant change in carbon flux in the PPP and TCA pathways (n = 4). PPP: Pentose Phosphate Pathway, TCA: Tricarboxylic Acid. NC: negative control, Mg: Mg²⁺. Data were presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01