Fig. 6

In vivo validation comparing the macroscopic appearance and electrical activity of magnesium-supplemented and non-supplemented ENCCs subcutaneous and renal ectopic transplantation at 6 and 12 weeks. A, B Schematic representation of gelMA and ALMA encapsulating ENCCs. C Timeline of the in vivo experimental procedure. D–H Both subcutaneous and renal capsule transplants of ENCCs at 6 and 12 weeks survive, with noticeable blood vessel surroundings for ENCCs colloid growth. MEA detection shows increased electrical activity in magnesium-supplemented ENCCs colloid in both subcutaneous and renal ectopic locations compared to the NC group (n = 4). NC: negative control, Mg: Mg.²⁺. Data were presented as mean ± SEM. *p < 0.05; **p < 0.01