Table 1 Summary of selected studies characteristics
Ref. | Year | Country | Producing cells | Cell culture conditions | sEVs isolation method | Yield | Type of study | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Medium | Type | Duration | Stimuli | |||||||
[13] | 2024 | China | ADSCs (human) | MSC Medium 5% EV-free FBS | 2D/3D | 48 h | Gelatin methacryloyl scaffolds (3D) | Differential ultracentrifugation | 2–3 µg/ml (2D) 10–15 µg/ml (3D) | In vitro |
[17] | 2023 | Japan | ADSCs (human) | CMDs (serum-free) | 2D | 48 h | - | Filter concentration of filtered supernatant | 5 × 108 EVs/ml 50 µg/ml | In vitro, in vivo |
[49] | 2023 | USA | ADSCs (human) | MSC Growth/ DMEM/hPL (EV-free) | 2D | - | hPL | Differential ultracentrifugation | 3–4 × 109 EVs/ml | In vivo |
[51] | 2022 | Canada | ADSCs (human) | CDM (PPRF-msc6) (serum-free) | 2D/3D | 72–84 h | Shaking (3D) | Differential ultracentrifugation | 3 × 108 EVs/ml 1.5 × 103 EVs/cell | In vivo |
[46] | 2021 | Italy | ADSCs (human) | α-MEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | IL-1β (1 ng/ml) | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[24] | 2021 | Spain | ADSCs (human) | DMEM/F12 15% EV-free human serum | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[19] | 2020 | Italy | ADSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 72 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 2.6 × 102 EVs/cell 1.36 µg/106 cells | In vitro |
[14] | 2020 | Italy | ADSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[15] | 2020 | Italy | ADSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[31] | 2020 | South Korea | ADSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 24 h | - | Filter concentration of filtered supernatant | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[32] | 2022 | China | ADSCs (mouse) | MSC Medium serum-free | 2D | 24 h | Curcumin (10 µM) | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[43] | 2024 | China | ADSCs (rat) | DMEM/F12 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[34] | 2021 | China | ADSCs (rat) | α-MEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Density gradient ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[52] | 2023 | The Netherlands | BMSCs (human) | α-MEM 5% EV-free hPL | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 38.8 EVs/cell | In vivo |
[30] | 2022 | China | BMSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | - | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[44] | 2022 | China | BMSCs (human) | α-MEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Exosome Purification Kit | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[27] | 2022 | China | BMSCs (human) | DMEM/F12 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | Hypoxia | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[22] | 2021 | Germany | BMSCs (human) | α-MEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 3–4 × 1010 EVs/ml | In vitro |
[66] | 2021 | China | BMSCs (human) | DMEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Exosome Purification Kit | - | In vitro |
[38] | 2021 | China | BMSCs (human) | CMD (UR51101) (serum-free) | 2D | 48 h | - | Exosome Purification Kit | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[23] | 2021 | United Kingdom | BMSCs (human) | DMEM 5% EV-free hPL | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 1.38 × 1011 EVs/ml 635 × EVs/cell (OA) 1.12 × 1011 EVs/ml 709 EVs/cell (healthy) | In vitro |
[33] | 2021 | China | BMSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Filter concentration of filtered supernatant | 1.05 × 107 EVs/ml | In vitro |
[21] | 2020 | Germany | BMSCs (human) | α-MEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[12] | 2020 | Italy | BMSCs (human) | α-MEM serum-free | 2D | 72 h | FBS/XFS | Differential ultracentrifugation | 0.5 µg/106 cells 15 EVs/cell (FBS) 1.5 µg/106 cell 30 EVs/cell (XFS) | In vitro |
[54] | 2024 | China | BMSCs (mouse) | DMEM/F12 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | - | EMF/USPIO | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vivo |
[40] | 2022 | China | BMSCs (mouse) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[47] | 2023 | Iran | BMSCs (rabbit) | DMEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D/3D | - | Chondrogenesis Chondrocyte co-culture | Differential ultracentrifugation | 21.23 µg/106 cells (2D) 0.83 µg/106 cells (3D) | In vivo |
[59] | 2022 | Iran | BMSCs (rabbit) | DMEM 10% EV-free FBS | 3D | 7 days | Shaking | Size-exclusion chromatography | 10 µg/106 cells | In vivo |
[29] | 2024 | China | BMSCs (rat) | DMEM/F12 10% EV-free FBS | 3D | - | SA/HA Hydrogels | Ultracentrifugation of filtered supernatant | 300 EVs/cell (2D) 1.5 × 103 EVs/cell (3D) | In vivo |
[26] | 2021 | China | BMSCs (rat) | DMEM/F12 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | Hypoxia | Filter concentration of filtered supernatant | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[67] | 2021 | Italy | BMSCs vs. ADSCs (human) | DMEM/α-MEM serum-free | 2D | 24 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[39] | 2022 | Italy | BMSCs vs. SFMSCs (horse) | DMEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 24 h | - | Ultracentrifugation of filtered supernatant | 1.9 × 1010 EVs/ml (BMSCs) 1.7 × 1011 EVs/ml (SFMSCs) | In vitro |
[36] | 2023 | China | DFCs (rat) | MSC Medium serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Exosome Purification Kit and filter concentration | - | In vitro |
[50] | 2023 | USA | SFMSCs (rat) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 7.5 × 107 EVs/ml | In vivo |
[25] | 2021 | China | SMSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | LPS (100 ng/ml) | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[41] | 2021 | China | SMSCs (human) | DMEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro, in vivo |
[53] | 2021 | China | SMSCs (human) | CDM (StemGro) (serum-free) | 2D | 48 h | - | Density gradient ultracentrifugation | - | In vivo |
[16] | 2023 | Spain | UCMSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Size-exclusion chromatography | 2.7 × 1010 EVs/ml 35 µg/ml | In vitro |
[35] | 2023 | China | UCMSCs (human) | α-MEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 2.2 × 1010 EVs/ml | In vitro, in vivo |
[55] | 2023 | China | UCMSCs (human) | StemXVivo 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 0.5 µg/ml | In vivo |
[56] | 2022 | China | UCMSCs (human) | MSCYF01-500/ MSCYF02-20 | 2D | - | - | Size-exclusion chromatography | - | In vivo |
[57] | 2022 | China | UCMSCs (human) | DMEM serum-free | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vivo |
[28] | 2022 | Vietnam | UCMSCs (human) | DMEM/F12 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | TGF-β (10 ng/ml) TNF-α (20 ng/ml) INF-α (20 ng/ml) | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vitro |
[58] | 2022 | China | UCMSCs (human) | DMEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vivo |
[48] | 2021 | China | UCMSCs (human) | α-MEM 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 48 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | - | In vivo |
[42] | 2021 | China | UCMSCs (human) | MSCYF01-500/ MSCYF02-20 | 2D | 48 h | - | Size-exclusion chromatography | 2.3 × 107 EVs/ml (20.920 µg/ml) 61.1 EVs/cell (62.8 µg/106 cells) | In vitro, in vivo |
[37] | 2020 | China | UCMSCs (human) | 12–725 F 10% EV-free FBS | 2D | 72 h | - | Differential ultracentrifugation | 8.2 × 106 EVs/ml | In vitro, in vivo |