Fig. 2

Components and characterization of MSC-Exo. Exosomes have intrinsic markers such as CD63, CD9, and CD81. MSC-Exo possess characteristic markers including CD29, CD73, CD90, CD44, and CD105, with CD44 and CD105 being present in nearly all human MSC-Exo. Exosomes are a subset of the parent cell encapsulated by a lipid bilayer, containing specific bioactive molecules derived from the parent cell, such as proteins, RNA (mRNA, miRNA, long non-coding RNA, circular RNA), DNA, lipids, and other molecular components