Fig. 4

MSC-Exo carry microRNAs (miRNAs), inflammatory factors and antioxidant factors. By activating the Nrf2 (up-regulation and nuclear translocation of Nrf2) and NF-κB (activation and translocation of NF-κB) signaling pathways, they enhance the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant capacities, thus playing a role in protecting neurons, delaying aging and treating neurodegenerative diseases