Fig. 4

Results of RNA-seq and related validation. (A) Heat map of differentially expressed genes between control cells and betaine-treated cells. The bubble charts of GO enrichment analysis (B) and KEGG enrichment pathways (C). (D) DCFH-DA, DHE and TMRE staining images treated with betaine. (E-G) Relative intensity of DCFH-DA, DHE and TMRE staining. (H) RT-qPCR for WDR81 at 7 days of chondrogenic induction treated with betaine. (I and J) Western blot results and protein quantitative analysis for WDR81 at 7 days of chondrogenic induction treated with betaine. Full-length blots are presented in Figure S1. (K) RT-qPCR results for WDR81 at 0 and 7 days of chondrogenic induction. (L and M) Western blot results and protein quantitative analysis for WDR81 at 0 and 7 days of chondrogenic induction. Full-length blots are presented in Figure S2. n = 3 in each group. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001. Error bars: mean ± SD