Fig. 3

The roles and mechanisms by which various MSCs and their derivatives affect bone- related diseases by regulating pyroptosis in different cells. In OA, MSCs and their derivatives can inhibit chondrocyte pyroptosis through multiple approaches, thus reducing the cartilage damage and delaying the development of OA. BMSC-Exos inhibit the expression of NLRP3 to inhibit inflammation and alleviate the symptoms of RA. In DH, various MSC-Exos act through multiple signalling pathways, weakening NPCs pyroptosis to alleviate IVDD. BMSC-Exos alleviate neuroinflammation and improve SCI recovery by inhibiting the pyroptosis in multiple cell types. ADMSC-Exos rescue the diabetes-induced bone loss by suppressing NLRP3 inflammasome activation. By inhibiting the NLRP3 activation via the binding of miR-590-3p to the TLR4 transcription, hPDLSC-EVs protected periodontal macrophages and thereby ameliorated periodontal inflammatory injury. MSC-Exos can prevent skeletal muscle cell pyroptosis and alleviate muscle injury through various pathways