Table 2 Advances in the treatment of alopecia are mediated by mitochondrial dysfunction

Hair follicles

HF-MSCs micrograft

Secreting growth factors and cytokines to improve the scalp microenvironment

Increased hair count and density in AGA patients

[21]

PRP therapy

Improving hair follicle growth with growth factors in platelets along with stimulation of stem cells in the follicular bulge

Significant improvement in hair number, density and epidermal thickness in AGA patients

[2]

LSESR

Activating the TGF-β/Smad signaling

Increased hair follicle growth and decreased accumulation of inflammatory cells in DHT-induced hair loss tissue by

[79]

Quercitrin(quercetin-3-O-rhamnoside)

Promoting hair growth by the activation of the MAPK/CREB signaling

Improvement of the cellular energy metabolism and the secretion of growth factors

[75]

Monoterpenoid Loliolide

Activating the AKT and Wnt/β-catenin signaling in DPCs

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[22]

Active Compound of Rice Capsule(ACPI)

Enriching the Wnt/β-catenin signaling

Stimulation of hair follicle growth and prolongation of anagen phase of the hair cycle

[28]

Cosmetic formulations containing ACPI (ShPI and HtPI)

Controlling androgen metabolism by reduction of COL17A1 degradation and dihydrotestosterone(DHT) production in UV radiation-exposed hair follicles

Prevention of hair follicle senescence

[28]

Lithium chloride (LiCl)

Repairing the β-catenin signaling

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[77]

Mitochondria

Cyanidin-3-O-arabinoside (C3A)

Blocking excess mitochondrial calcium accumulation by C3A

Resistance to DHT-induced AGA through activation of HFSC proliferation

[115]

Minoxidil

Elevating intracellular Ca²⁺ levels and promoting Hair follicle stem cell (HFSC) differentiation

Improvement of hair follicle growth by extending the hair follicle anagen phase and prevention of hair follicle shrinkage

[119]

Thyroid hormones (TH)/vitamin D3/Glucocorticoids(GC)

Upregulating mitochondrial biogenesis

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[107]

[116]

Vitamin D3

Regulating calcium homeostasis

Maintenance of hair follicle differentiation and function

[117]

Fisetin

Activating the SIRT1-mitochondrial axis to stimulate keratinocytes

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[120, 122]

Melatonin

Promoting nuclear translocation of SIRT1, reducing ROS generation, and counteracting mitochondrial dysfunction

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[61, 123]

CeNZ

Reduce oxidative stress and promote angiogenesis

Improve the microenvironment around the hair follicle

[131]

Low-level laser therapy

Improving mitochondrial function, increasing ATP production and nitric oxide release, and promoting blood circulation

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[126,127,128,129]

MHY553

Scavenging ROS and inhibiting inflammatory cytokine expression

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[121]

ROS scavengers

Removing excessive ROS

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[136]

Mitochondrion-targeted antioxidants (MitoQ, Iron)

Targeting mitochondria for antioxidation

Improvement of hair follicle growth

[136]

Adipose-derived stem cell (ADSC) therapy

Promoting mitochondrial mitosis

Improvement of hair loss

[78]