Table 2 The in vivo trials of ADSCs in TMJ

TMJ

sEVs

Rabbit models with osteochondral defect

Inflammation-stimulated ADSC-EVs were attached to SF scaffold by TGase

Regulated differentiation of macrophages into M2 type by targeting CSF-1 to promote TMJ condylar regeneration

[137]

ADSCs

Rabbit TMJ OA models

Re-suspensed ADSCs with RG1 and then injected with a 1:1 mixture of ADSCs and hyaluronic acid

Promoted chondrocyte activity and type II Col expression

[138]

ADSCs

TMD adults

Injected 1 cc autologous ADSCs into the upper compartment of TMJ

Joints’ construction, pain level, opening degree, stomatology function and living quality of these patients improved without causing adverse events

[140]

ADSCs or their secretome

Rat TMJ OA models

Low-level laser (0.64 W/cm²) irradiated ADSCs injection area

Recovery of joint structure, cartilage and disc thickness and suppression of inflammatory processes

[147]

ADSCs

Rabbit models underwent TMJ disc discectomy

4000 TGF-β-treated ADSCs seeded on PLA disk (7 × 5 × 1.2 cm)

More regular morphology and increased calcification of the condyle

[148]