Fig. 1

DW treatment promoted Tregs and Bregs expansion, suppressed Th17, DN T cells, and Inflammatory neutrophils by upregulating IL-10 and downregulating IL-17A. Isolated PBMCs were stimulated and treated with DW and W for 24 h and checked for the frequency of A CD4⁺ CD25⁺, CD4⁺ CD25⁺ CD127⁻, CD4⁺ CD25⁺ CD127⁻ IL-10⁺, CD4⁺ IL-10⁺, CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ and CD4⁺ FOXP3⁺ IL-10⁺ Tregs B frequency of CD19⁺ B cells, IL-10-producing CD19⁺ B cells, PD-1 positive CD19⁺ B cells and Breg (CD19⁺ CD24⁺ CD27⁺) C CD3⁺CD4⁻CD8⁻ DN population of T cells, D inflammatory CD4⁺ cells, expressing both IL-17A and PD-1, E CD15⁺ CD3⁻ neutrophils and CD15⁺ CD3⁻ PD-1⁺ cells. The contour plots depict findings from a sample of 30 patients with SLE, and corresponding bar graphs are presented with a sample size of 30. Error bars show mean ± SD. p values indicate significant changes as follows: non-significant (ns) p > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001; One-way ANOVA