Fig. 2

DW treatment has a similar immunomodulatory impact as HCQ as both of them promoted Tregs and Bregs expansion, suppressed Th17, DN T cells, and Inflammatory neutrophils by upregulating IL-10 and downregulating IL-17A. Isolated PBMCs were stimulated and treated with Dex drug, DW and W for 24 h and checked for the frequency of A CD4⁺ CD25⁺ CD127⁻ IL-10⁺ and CD4⁺ IL-10⁺ FOXP3⁺ Tregs B frequency of CD19⁺ CD24⁺ CD27⁺ IL-10⁺ Breg C CD3⁺CD4⁻CD8⁻ DN population of T cells, D inflammatory CD4⁺ cells, expressing IL-17A E CD15⁺ CD3⁻ inflammatory neutrophils. The contour plots depict findings from a sample of 9 patients with SLE, and corresponding bar graphs are presented with a sample size of 9. Error bars show mean ± SD. p values indicate significant changes as follows: non-significant (ns) p > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001; One-way ANOVA