Fig. 5

Generation of autoantibodies in PIL mice and the immunomodulatory effects of different treatments on the autoantibodies post-induction, proteinuria reduction, maintenance of optimal body weight and mortality in PIL mice. A Experimental outline. There was significant difference in the level of B anti-dsDNA and C anti-ENA autoantibodies over a span of one month (post-induction). The DW-treated group demonstrated a significant decrease in D anti-dsDNA and E anti-ENA compared to the pre-treatment levels and other groups post-induction. F Body weight and G proteinuria was measured weekly till 35th day of various treatment and DW significantly suppressed proteinuria and helped in maintenance of optimum body weight in all the subgroups (anti-dsDNA⁺, anti-ENA⁺, and anti-dsDNA⁺ + anti-ENA⁺). H Survival rate (percentage) post 7th, 14th, 21st, 28th and 35th day of treatment. Kaplan–Meier survival curves, n = 15, analyzed by log-rank test, *p < 0.05. The numbers of PIL mice surviving to 35 weeks of age post-treatment. The line graphs illustrate mean data from a sample size of 5 mice. Error bars show mean ± SD. p values indicate significant changes as follows: non-significant (ns) p > 0.05, *P < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***P < 0.001 and ****P < 0.0001; One-way ANOVA. In Figure C and D, * depicts significance compared to control, # depicts significance compared to PIL (normal saline treated) counterparts, $ depicts significance compared to DW