Fig. 3

Mutual impacts of sleep and stem cells. HSCT is utilized to treat various blood diseases, including blood cancers, immune deficiencies, and autoimmune diseases. However, HSCT is associated with significant adverse effects in patients. One of the notable side effects is sleep disruption, which adversely affects the proliferation, differentiation, and functions of stem cells. Unlike other stem cell types, MSCs are activated and mobilized into the bloodstream in response to sleep disturbances. Subsequently, MSCs secrete factors, including various cytokines, to exert anti-inflammatory effects on sleep impairment. The molecular mechanisms of these interactions are summarized in Table 1