Fig. 1

Common steps in organoid generation from stem cells. Stars depict addition of a matrigel for common extracellular matrix (ECM), synthetic hydrogel (collagen or fibrin-based matrices) and growth factors like Wnt, Notch, BMP, EGF (depending on organ type) along with maturation factors such as HGF (hepatocyte growth factor) for liver organoids, and EGF for gut organoids. Cells are isolated using techniques such as enzymatic digestion, mechanical dissociation, or fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) to enrich the desired cell population. Organoids are cultured for several weeks to ensure proper differentiation