Table 3 Structured comparison of organoids, assembloids, and organ-on-chip technologies based on their capabilities
Feature | Organoids | Assembloids | Organ-on-Chip | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
Complexity | Moderate; mimics single organ/tissue types | High; combines multiple organoids to model tissue-tissue interactions | Moderate to high; mimics physiological conditions with mechanical cues | |
Physiological Relevance | High for single-organ systems; limited for multi-organ interactions | High for studying inter-organ interactions and developmental processes | High for mimicking mechanical and biochemical cues of human physiology | |
Scalability | Limited scalability due to variability in size and structure | Limited scalability; complex to assemble and maintain | High scalability; compatible with high-throughput screening | |
Throughput | Low to moderate; labor-intensive and time-consuming | Low; requires advanced techniques for assembly and maintenance | High; suitable for automated and parallelized experiments | |
Cost | Moderate; requires specialized culture conditions | High; complex assembly and maintenance increase costs | High initial cost; lower operational costs for large-scale studies | |
Applications | Disease modeling, drug screening, developmental biology | Studying inter-organ interactions, neurodevelopmental processes | Drug testing, toxicity screening, disease modeling, personalized medicine | |
Limitations | Limited vascularization, variability in size and structure | Technically challenging to assemble, limited long-term stability | Limited complexity in mimicking multi-organ systems, requires expertise | |
Projected Market (2023–2030) | $2.5 billion by 2030 (CAGR: 21.5%) | Emerging field; no specific market projection yet (subset of organoid market) | $1.6 billion by 2030 (CAGR: 36.7%) | [167] https://www.marketsandmarkets.com/Market-Reports/organs-on-chips-market-144117291.html; accessed 9 February 2025 |