Fig. 6

Impact of DNS- and CRS-ONS on cellular senescence, apoptosis, and proliferation in the OE of MI-Induced Mice. A Western blot analysis of cellular senescence markers in OE tissues, including γH2AX, p16, p21, and HMGB1. B Western blot analysis of pro-inflammatory cytokines IL-1β and IL-6 in OE tissues. C Immunofluorescence images showing HMGB1 and OMP expression in OE sections, with nuclei counterstained using DAPI. Scale bars, 20 µm. D Immunofluorescence images of TUNEL-positive cells in OE sections, indicating apoptosis, with nuclei counterstained using DAPI. Quantitative analysis of OMP in OE sections was performed with three samples per group, and two images per sample. Scale bars, 50 µm. E Western blot analysis of caspase-3 and cleaved caspase-3 levels in OE tissues. F Immunofluorescence images showing Ki67-positive cells in OE sections, indicating cell proliferation, with nuclei counterstained using DAPI. Scale bars, 20 µm. G Western blot analysis of Ki67 expression levels in OE tissues. Statistical analyses were performed using one-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-hoc test. Data are presented as mean ± standard deviation. *P < 0.05 and #P < 0.01 for comparisons between MI and either DNS- or CRS-ONS treatment groups; **P < 0.05 and ##P < 0.01 for comparisons between control and MI groups (n = 5 per group)