Fig. 1
From: Cell-based regenerative and rejuvenation strategies for treating neurodegenerative diseases
Impact of cellular senescence and inflammation on neurodegeneration. This figure depicts the progression of neurodegenerative diseases driven by cellular senescence. Key processes include the activation of senescent markers (p65, p53, p16, p21) in astrocytes, which release senescence-associated secretory phenotype (SASP) factors (TNFα, iNOS, IL-1β, IL-6, IL-12, IL-23) that intensify neuroinflammation. Blood-brain barrier (BBB) breakdown leads to neutrophil and leukocyte infiltration, further contributing to inflammation. Microglia activation and the presence of senescent oligodendrocytes result in additional neuronal damage, characterized by Aβ plaque deposition, tau hyperphosphorylation, and myelin degradation, all of which are hallmarks of neurodegeneration