Consecutive intrabronchial administration of Wharton’s jelly-derived mesenchymal stromal cells in ECMO-supported pediatric patients with end-stage interstitial lung disease: a safety and feasibility study (CIBA method)

Table 2 CIBA method follow-up. Biomarkers, role in disease and therapy, detection methods. This table presents key biomarkers of therapy response. BAL: Bronchoalveolar lavage. IL: interleukin. TNF: tumor necrosis factor. TGF: transforming growth factor. VGEF: vascular endothelial growth factor. MMP: matrix metalloproteinase. CXCL8: chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand 8. SP-D: surfactant protein.D. CRP: C-reactive protein

Biomarker	Role in Disease and Therapy	Detection Method	References
IL-6	Pro-inflammatory cytokine, elevated in lung injury	BAL, Blood	[35]
IL-10	Anti-inflammatory cytokine, linked to MSC-mediated repair	BAL, Blood	[35]
TNF-α	Pro-inflammatory cytokine, indicates immune activation	BAL, Blood	[35]
TGF-β	Fibrosis marker, involved in tissue remodeling	BAL, Blood, Biopsy	[39]
VEGF	Angiogenesis factor, may indicate vascular repair	BAL, Blood	[37]
MMP-9	Matrix metalloproteinase, involved in ECM degradation	BAL, Blood	[37, 39]
CXCL8 (IL-8)	Neutrophil chemotactic factor, reflects inflammation	BAL, Blood	[39]
SP-D	Lung epithelial integrity marker	BAL, Blood	[37, 39]
CD4+/CD8 + T-cell ratio	Immune balance indicator	Blood	[34]
Alveolar Macrophage Phenotype (M1/M2 ratio)	Inflammatory vs. anti-inflammatory response	BAL, Biopsy	[38]
C-reactive protein (CRP)	Systemic inflammation marker	Blood	[36]
Fibronectin	ECM turnover and fibrosis marker	BAL, Blood, Biopsy	[39]

ISSN: 1757-6512