Fig. 1

Schematic outline of key signaling events regulating (upregulating and downregulating) the efficient differentiation of hPSC derived mature pancreatic islet cells (Left). The reported signaling pathways that are upregulated and downregulated during in vivo mouse pancreatic development are shown along with the corresponding time scale for human pancreas development (Right). Readers are requested to refer to DEVELOPMENTAL DYNAMICS 240:530–565, 2011 and Nature Reviews Drug Discovery volume 20:920–940, 2021 for a detailed diagrammatic model of mouse pancreatic organogenesis

Activin/Nodal are growth factors belongs to TGFβ superfamily; LEFTY, Right-left determination factor; CER1, Cerberus; Wnt, Wingless; TGFβ, Transforming Growth Factor β; FGF, Fibroblast Growth Factor; PI3K, Phosphoinositide 3-kinase; JNK/JUN, Jun N-terminal kinase; RA, Retinoic Acid; PKC, Protein kinase C; BMP, bone morphogenic protein; SHH, sonic hedgehog; YAP, yes-associated protein 1; ROCK, Rho-associated protein kinase; Notch, Neurogenic locus notch homolog protein 1; AXL, Tyrosine-protein kinase receptor UFO; E, Embryonic days; dpc, days post coitus; P, postnatal; CS, Carnegie stage; EGF, epidermal growth factor; FGF, fibroblast growth factor