Fig. 1

(A) Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) images depicted the surface morphology of the material, with black arrows indicating WH NPs. (B) The water contact angle was represented by each bionic membrane. (C) The FTIR of different bionic membranes. (D-E) Release curves of Ca²⁺ and Mg²⁺ions from the PCL/CS/WH/E7 membrane