Fig. 2
TXNIP deficiency increases H1-hESCs proliferation but does not improve cellular function upon ER stress. A Colony-forming assay shows increased proliferation in TXNIP−/− H1-hESCs compared to TXNIP+/+ cells (n = 3, mean ± SEM, *p < 0.05, unpaired student’s t-test). B Cell viability assessment reveals no significant differences between TXNIP−/− and TXNIP+/+ H1-hESCs (n = 6, mean ± SEM, ns > 0.05, unpaired student’s t-test). C SYTOX Green assay indicates comparable levels of cell death between TXNIP−/− and TXNIP+/+ H1-hESCs (n = 3, mean ± SEM, ns > 0.05, unpaired student’s t-test). D Representative western blot and quantification showing thapsigargin-induced TXNIP expression in TXNIP+/+ cells but not in TXNIP−/− cells (n = 3, mean ± SEM, ****p < 0.0001, unpaired student’s t-test). Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure S5B. E Venn diagrams showing the number of significantly upregulated and downregulated differentially expressed genes (DEGs, defined as log2FC > 1 and p_adj < 0.05) under different conditions. The left diagram compares significantly downregulated genes between TXNIP−/− and TXNIP+/+ H1-hESCs treated with thapsigargin. The right diagram compares significantly upregulated genes between TXNIP−/− and TXNIP+/+ H1-hESCs treated with thapsigargin. F Volcano plots showing significantly dysregulated genes in thapsigargin-treated versus DMSO-treated cells, analysed separately for TXNIP−/− and TXNIP+/+ cells. DEGs are defined as log2FC > 1 and –log10(p_adj) > 1.3. G GSEA performed on thapsigargin-treated TXNIP+/+ H1-hESCs, highlighting significant pathway enrichment using KEGG and Reactome databases (p_adj < 0.05). H GSEA performed on thapsigargin-treated TXNIP−/− H1-hESCs, highlighting pathway enrichment using KEGG and Reactome databases (p_adj < 0.05). I Overrepresentation analysis using Enrichr of differentially upregulated genes (log2FC > 1 and p_adj < 0.05) on thapsigargin-treated TXNIP−/− and TXNIP+/+ H1-hESCs, highlighting significant pathway enrichment based on MSigDB—Hallmark gene sets (The dotted vertical line represents p_adj < 0.05 to indicate statistical significance). J Volcano plots showing significantly dysregulated genes in TXNIP−/− versus TXNIP+/+, analysed separately for DMSO-treated and thapsigargin-treated cells. DEGs are defined as log2FC > 1 and –log10(p_adj) > 1.3