Fig. 4

TXNIP deficiency in HLCs is not linked to an improved insulin and ER stress response. A Representative western blots and quantifications of insulin signalling in TXNIP^−/− and TXNIP^+/+ HLCs following insulin (100 nM) stimulation. (n = 4, mean ± SEM, *p  < 0.05, ordinary two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test). Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure S5D. B Representative western blots and quantifications of ER stress markers in TXNIP^−/− and TXNIP^+/+ HLCs after treatment with thapsigargin (TG) for 8 and 24 h. (n = 3–4, mean ± SEM, *p  < 0.05, **p  < 0.01, ***p  < 0.001, ****p  < 0.0001, ordinary two-way ANOVA, Tukey’s multiple comparison test). Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Figure S6A-C. C Assessment of TXNIP^−/− and TXNIP^+/+ HLCs glycolytic dynamics. HLCs were transfected with HYlight biosensor and starved (S) before glucose stimulation (G). Oligomycin was employed to reach maximum glycolytic capacity (M). Higher fluorescent intensity correlated with increased glycolysis. Solid lines represent the mean across cells, while dots represent the mean ± SD (n = 3)