Table 1 Demographics, baseline clinical characteristics, cardiac function, cardiac biomarkers, blood workup, and type of stage I and stage II palliation surgery, including postoperative troponins and blood pressure measurement

Age, months

0.048^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

4.7 (4.5, 5.1)

5.2 (4.4, 6.2)

Gender

0.019^†

Female

11 (22.0%)

20 (44.4%)

Male

39 (78.0%)

25 (55.6%)

Race

0.273^†

White

36 (72.0%)

29 (64.4%)

Black/African American

3 (6.0%)

3 (6.7%)

Asian

3 (6.0%)

1 (2.2%)

More than one

3 (6.0%)

2 (4.4%)

Unknown, none or no reported

5 (10.0%)

10 (22.2%)

Weight, kg

0.538^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

6.0 (5.6, 6.7)

6.1 (5.7, 6.6)

Height, cm

0.552^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

62.0 (60.0, 65.0)

61.0 (59.0, 64.0)

Heart Rate/Pulse, bpm

0.232^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

123.5 (115, 137)

122 (110, 132)

SBP, mmHg

Median (Q1, Q3)

95 (74.0, 131.0)

94.5 (74.0, 173.0)

0.544*

DBP, mmHg

Median (Q1, Q3)

50.5 (28.0, 89.0)

53.0 (29.0, 95.0)

0.787*

SBP at discharge, mmHg

Median (Q1, Q3)

96.5 (69.0, 138.0)

94.0 (69.0, 135.0)

0.069*

DBP at discharge, mmHg

Median (Q1, Q3)

50.0 (37.0, 89.0)

52.0 (34.0, 81.0)

0.222*

SPO2 (%)

0.590^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

80.5 (77, 84)

80.0 (78, 84)

Cardiac function as assessed by echocardiography

FAC, % (n)

48

45

0.963^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

41.7 (37.1, 44.9)

41.9 (38.1, 45.0)

Circumferential Strain, % (n)

43

39

0.463^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

-15.3 (-17.7, -11.9)

-16.4 (-18.9, -12.5)

Longitudinal Strain, % (n)

48

45

0.137^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

-14.5 (-17.0, -12.4)

-15.9 (-18.0, -13.4)

Cardiac biomarkers

Troponin-T, ng/mL (n)

42

41

0.376^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

0.025 (0.018, 0.039)

0.024 (0.013, 0.038)

Troponin-T, 3 h post-surgery, ng/mL (n)

Median (Q1, Q3)

42

0.797 (0.136, 2.322)

40

0.643 (0.155, 1.424)

0.131^*

Troponin-T, 6 h post-surgery, ng/mL (n)

Median (Q1, Q3)

46

0.666 (0.000, 1.763)

39

0.583 (0.015)

0.255^*

NT-Pro-BNP, pg/mL (n)

48

43

0.450^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

1296.0 (687.5, 3066.0)

1200.0 (855.0, 2196.0)

CRP, mg/L (n)

49

42

0.105^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

5.0 (2.9, 5.0)

5.0 (2.5, 6.0)

Liver/Renal Function

ALT, U/L (n)

48

42

0.420^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

25.0 (19.1, 34.0)

22.0 (17.0, 37.0)

AST, U/L (n)

48

42

0.938^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

43.0 (36.0, 53.0)

40.5 (36.0, 56.0)

Alk Phosphatase, U/L (n)

48

42

0.087^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

269.5 (222.0, 333.5)

237.0 (197.0, 309.0)

Bilirubin, mg/dL (n)

48

42

0.948^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

0.4 (0.3, 0.5)

0.4 (0.3, 0.6)

Albumin, g/dL (n)

48

43

0.529^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

3.5 (3.2, 4.2)

3.5 (3.1, 4.1)

Total proteins, g/dL (n)

48

41

0.211^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

5.6 (5.3, 6.1)

5.4 (5.0, 5.9)

Creatinine, mg/dL (n)

48

43

0.049^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

0.2 (0.2, 0.3)

0.2 (0.2, 0.2)

BUN, mg/dL (n)

48

43

0.503^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

11.0 (8.0, 15.0)

12.0 (8.0, 16.0)

CBC w/Differential

Hemoglobin, g/dL (n)

49

45

0.365^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

15.1 (13.9, 16.1)

15.6 (14.2, 16.3)

Hematocrit, % (n)

49

45

0.386^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

46.1 (42.9, 50.0)

46.6 (43.9, 50.6)

WBCs, (n)

49

45

0.671^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

7.2 (5.7, 8.6)

7.2 (5.8, 8.9)

Platelets, (n)

49

45

0.379^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

332.0 (278.0, 390.0)

303.0 (264.0, 360.0)

Lymphocytes, (n)

47

45

0.046^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

3.5 (2.4, 5.6)

3.1 (2.1, 4.1)

Type of stage I and stage II palliation surgery

Stage I surgery type

0.049^†

Norwood procedure

with mBT shunt

8 (16.0%)

5 (11.1%)

Norwood procedure

with nonvalved RV- PA shunt

22 (44.0%)

32 (71.1%)

Norwood procedure with

valved RV-PA shunt

17 (34.0%)

5 (11.1%)

Hybrid Procedure

2 (4.0%)

1 (2.2%)

Other (specify)

1 (2.0%)

2 (4.4%)

Stage II surgery type

0.375^†

Glenn procedure

44 (88.0%)

42 (93.3%)

Hemi-Fontan

6 (12.0%)

3 (6.7%)

Stage II Surgery Details

Cardio-pulmonary bypass

time, min (n)

48

44

0.024^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

64.0 (38.0, 91.0)

83.0 (51.0, 113.5)

Aortic cross-clamp

time, min (n)

19

22

0.732^*

Median (Q1, Q3)

28.0 (0.0, 50.0)

3.0 (0.0, 53.0)