Fig. 2

Characterization of extracellular vesicles from human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neural stem cells (hiPSC-NSC-EVs). Graph A illustrates the number of EVs vis-a-vis protein content in various fractions collected from size-exclusion chromatography. Graph B shows that the average size of EVs varied between 100–200 nm, with a mean size of 121.6 nm. Figure C illustrates the morphology of EVs examined through transmission electron microscopy. Scale bar, 100 nm. Figure D shows the expression of CD63, CD81, and ALIX but not cytochrome C in hiPSC-NSC-EVs visualized through Western blotting. Full-length blots of CD63, CD81, ALIX and cytochrome C are presented in Supplementary Figs. 1–4. Figures (E-H) demonstrate the incorporation of PKH26-labeled EVs (red particles) into microtubule-associated protein-2 (MAP-2)-positive human neurons (green) in standard cultures (E-F) and Aβ-42 oligomers exposed cultures (G-H). Scale bar, 100 μm. The bar charts show Ct values of different miRNAs measured via qPCR (I) and pentraxin 3 (PTX3) measured via ELISA (J) from two biological replicates of hiPSC-NSC-EVs