Fig. 5

Transcriptome sequencing and pathway validation. A The Venn diagram illustrates the overlap of differentially expressed genes in macrophages across the different treatment groups. B The bar chart of GO analysis displays the functional enrichment of differentially expressed genes. C The bubble chart from the GO analysis provides a detailed overview of the significantly enriched gene categories. D The bar chart from Pathway analysis shows the enrichment of signaling pathways associated with the differentially expressed genes. E The bubble chart from Pathway analysis further highlights the significantly enriched signaling pathways. F The GO-Tree diagram illustrates the network relationships of key signaling pathways identified through KEGG analysis. G Western blot analysis showing the expression levels of P-p65, p65, P-AKT, and AKT proteins (Full-length blots are presented in Supplementary Fig. 2E-I). H Quantitative analysis of P-p65 protein expression relative to p65. I Quantitative analysis of P-AKT protein expression relative to AKT. J Flow cytometry was used to assess M1 polarization, with the upper right quadrant representing the percentage of CD11b + /CD86 + M1 macrophages. K Flow cytometry statistical analysis indicates the differences in the proportion of CD86 + /CD11b + cells among the different treatment groups. *P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001; ns, not significant (P > 0.05)