Table 5 sEVs drug loading methods and their advantages and disadvantages
From: Small extracellular vesicles: the origins, current status, future prospects, and applications
Loading method | Method | Loading types | Advantage | Disadvantage | Ref. |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Exogenous | electroporation | Small molecule material | High load rate | The sEVs aggregate easily and have low membrane stability | [156] |
co-incubation | Drugs, small molecular substances | 1. The method is simple. 2. The sEVs structure is complete. | Low efficiency | [157] | |
ultrasound | Drugs, and small molecular substances | High loading rate | The membrane structure is vulnerable | [153] | |
Chemical transfection | Peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids | The method is simple. | There is a genetic risk | [154] | |
freeze thawing | Drugs, and small molecular substances | High loading efficiency | The sEVs can cluster easily | [155] | |
Endogenous | Genetic engineering, co-incubation | Low-grade cytotoxic drugs | Retains the integrity and functionality of the sEVs. | Complex operation and high preparation cost. | [153] |