Fig. 1

Preparation and characterization of dECM@exo. (A) Image of brain decellularization and hydrogel preparation. (B) Quantitative determination of DNA content (n = 3). (C) Quantitative determination of collagen retention (n = 3). (D) HE and Masson staining demonstrate decellularization, and Sirius red staining confirms the retention of collagen fibers. (E) SEM analysis of ECM, dECM and dECM@exo. (F) FTIR of NS and dECM spectra, the peak at 1290 cm^− 1 corresponds to the NH2 group. C = O stretching was detected at a wavelength of 1625 cm^− 1. (G) Zeta potential of exosomes. (H) Viscosity change of dECM@exo hydrogel at shear rates from 1 rad/s to 100 rad /s. (I) Controlled release curve of dECM@exo (n = 3). (J) TEM analysis of hUCMSC-exos. (K) Western blot identification results. (L) Dynamic light scattering analysis of hUCMSC-exos. Scale bars: D, 200 μm; E, 200 μm/5µm; J, 200 nm. Data were expressed as mean ± standard deviation. *p < 0.05, **p < 0.01, ***p < 0.001, ****p < 0.0001