Table 1 Therapeutic results of different MSCs in experimental allergic rhinitis models
Study | MSC Source | Characterization Methods | Dosage | Administration Route | Outcome Measures | Mechanisms of Action |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cho et al., 2014 | Adipose tissue | Flow cytometry (CD73+, CD90+) | 2 × 10^6 cells | Intravenous | ↓IgE, ↓IL-4, ↓eosinophil infiltration, ↑IFN-γ | Th1/Th2 balance restoration, Treg induction |
Zhao et al., 2016 | Bone marrow | Flow cytometry (CD29+, CD44+) | 0.5 × 10^6 cells | Intravenous | ↓OVA-specific IgE, ↓IL-4, ↓IL-5, ↓IL-13, ↑IFN-γ, ↓STAT6 signaling | STAT6 pathway modulation, Th cell homeostasis |
Samivel et al., 2015 | Tonsil tissue | Differentiation assays | 0.5 × 10^6 cells | Intravenous | ↓IL-25, ↓IL-33, ↓eosinophil chemokines, ↑IFN-γ | MAPK/NF-κB pathway inhibition |
Kan et al., 2020 | Umbilical cord | Flow cytometry (CD105+, CD44+) | 5 × 10^6 cells | Intraperitoneal | ↓IL-4, ↓TNF-α, ↓IgE, ↑IFN-γ | Macrophage recruitment modulation |
Li et al., 2017 | Umbilical cord | Flow cytometry (CD29+, CD44+) | 5 × 10^6 cells | Intraperitoneal | ↓IL-4, ↓IL-5, ↓IL-13, ↓goblet cell hyperplasia, ↓eosinophil infiltration | Th1/Th2 balance restoration, epithelial repair |
Yang et al., 2015 | Nasal mucosa | Flow cytometry (CD73+, CD90+) | 1 × 10^6 cells | Tail vein injection | ↓IL-4, ↓IL-5, ↓IL-6, ↓IL-17, ↑IFN-γ | Immune modulation via cytokine regulation |
Ebrahim et al., 2019 | Adipose tissue | Flow cytometry (CD73+, CD90+) | 1 × 10^6 cells | Intraperitoneal | ↓OVA-specific IgE, ↓IL-4, ↓TNF-α, ↓CCL11, ↓VCAM-1, ↑TGF-β | Collagen fiber deposition reduction, immune modulation |
Zhong et al., 2019 | iPSC-derived MSCs | Flow cytometry (CD73+, CD90+) | 1 × 10^8 cells/kg | Intravenous | ↓OVA-specific IgE, ↓IL-13, ↓eosinophil infiltration | TGF-β1-Smad2/3 signaling pathway modulation |