Fig. 3
From: Beneficial and challenges of exosome application in ischemic heart disease
Several possible Exo applications for the alleviation of ischemic myocardium. Each approach has its advantages and limitations. The systemic administration of Exos can yield low on-target effects while increasing the rapid elimination of circulating Exos via the activity of immune cells. Local administration of free Exos (direct intracoronary artery, intramyocardial, intrapericardial, and catheter-based intracardial injections) or injection via supporting substrates and hydrogels can increase the on-target delivery efficiency into the ischemic area. Created with BioRender online software