Fig. 6

Cardiomyocyte-specific binding peptide (CMP)-targeted Exos reduced mouse cardiomyocyte programmed cell death in vitro after 7 days (a–e; Scale bar: 100 µm). Cardiomyocytes were incubated with peptide (WLSEAGPVVTVRALRGTGSW) plus vehicle (10 µM DMSO) (b), naïve Exos (c), CMP-targeted Exos (d), or CMP-targeted Exos + synthetic peptide (e) for 24 h for controlling the apoptosis. Data indicated that cells co-treated with CMP-targeted Exos or CMP-targeted Exos plus synthetic peptide had fewer apoptotic changes. *p < 0.05 (compared with peptide plus vehicle control), and **p < 0.05 compared with Exos and CMP-targeted Exo + peptide. One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey’s Multiple Comparison post-hoc test. [114].