Fig. 3

GLP-1 protects MSCs numbers and avoids apoptosis

MSCs promotes proliferation of SAT and VAT small adipocytes and avoids hypertrophy of ectopic adipose tissue mature adipocytes through the ERK1/2, AKT/GSK-3β, PKA/CREAB pathways and enhances MSCs migration to the injury sites through an increase in CXCR4 expression on the MSCs surface. GLP-1 also reduces MSCs apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and reduction of ROS. GLP-1 also regulates PI3K/AKT-Sfos and reduces ROS. GLP-1 reduces MSCs apoptosis through the mitochondrial pathway and decreases ROS. GLP-1 also reduces MSCs and β-cell apoptosis by modulating the PI3K/AKT-Sfrp2, ASK 1/JNK/BAX and PKA/cAMP pathways