Table 1 Summary of studies on the immunomodulating effects of MSCs on psoriasis

MSC-derived exosomes

Mouse model

Topical application

Concentration of key mediators, such as IL-17 and IL-23 (↓)

Formation of NETs by C5b-9 formation (↓)

Function of neutrophils (↓)

[54]

MSC-derived exosomes

Mouse model

Intraperitoneal injection and Topical application

Formation of C5-9 And NETs (↓)

Production of IL-17 by neutrophils (↓)

[55]

hUC-MSC

Mouse model

Tail vein Injection

Number of CD11b + Ly6G + neutrophils (↓)

Formation of NETs (↓)

Expression of neutrophilic enzymes (like MPO and CRAMP)

Level of keratin 16 (K16) (↓)

Level of S100A7, S100A8, and S100A9 (↓)

Levels of pro-inflammatory factors (↓)

Expression of IL-10 (↑) and IL-17 (↓)

Number of Th2 (↑)

[56]

hUC-MSC pretreated with IFN-γ and TNF-α

Mouse model

Subcutaneous Injection

Improvement in clinical symptoms, and spleen evaluation decreased the relative expression of CXCL1 (neutrophils migration (↓)) and inhibited STAT1 phosphorylation in keratinocytes (Healing of psoriatic lesions (↑))

[58]

hUC-MSCs

Mouse model

Tail vein Injection

TNF-α concentration in culture medium (↓)

Matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-13 (↓)

[64]

hUC-MSCs

Mouse model and cell culture

Subcutaneous injection

Level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (↓)

Expression of IL-10 and IDO in DCs (↑)

Differentiation of Th0 into Th1, Th2, and Th17 cells (↓)

Migration and implantation of CD11c+, CD11b+, and CD4 + cells (↓)

Treg differentiation (↑)

[69]

T-MSC

Mouse model

Tail vein Injection

Th17 differentiation (via PD-1/PD-L1 interaction) (↓)

Volume, mass, and number of splenocytes (↓)

PASI score (↓)

Expression of IL-17, IL-22, IL-23, TNF-α, IFN-γ, K6, K16, and CCL20 genes (↓)

Expression of PD-1 in T lymphocytes (↑)

[72]

Small EVs derived from IFN-γ-activated hUCB-MSCs

Mouse model and cell culture

Intradermal injection

Th17 exhaustion (↑)

Th2 differentiation (↑)

Inflammatory mediators including IL-17 A, IFN-γ, IL-6, and TNF-α (↓)

PASI score (↓)

Activity of the miR-210 molecule (plays a role in the differentiation of Th1/Th17) (↓)

[73]

BM-MSCs and AD-MSCs

Mouse model

Intravenous injection

PASI score (↓)

Number of CD3 + cells (↓)

Expression of S100A9/7 and CCL17 (↓)

[75]

hE-MSC

Mouse model

Subcutaneous injection

Th1 and Th17 secretome (such as TNF-α, IFN-γ, IFN-α, IL-27, IL-17 A and IL-23) (↓)

Improvement in clinical symptoms (↑)

[76]

T-MSCs

Mouse model and cell culture

Intravenous injection

Level of osteoprotegerin (OPG) (↑) and (RANK)/RANKL interaction between Th17 and osteoclast (↓)

PASI score (↓)

[77]

MSCs and SOD3-induced MSCs

Mouse model

Subcutaneous injection

Psoriatic epidermal thickness (↓)

Mass and number of spleen and lymph nodes cells (↓)

Number and proliferation of T lymphocytes, neutrophils, and DC (↓) and number of Treg (↑)

Inhibitory molecules such as IL-10, TGF-β, and Foxp3 (↑)

Decrease in IL-17, IL-22, IL-6, and IL-23, and transcription factors such as STAT1, STAT3, JAK1, RoR-γt (↓)

Activation of NF-κB, MAPK (↓)

cAMP and PKA/CREB (↑) and anti-inflammatory phenotype (↑)

[80]

G-MSC

Mouse model

Tail vein Injection

PASI score (↓)

Number of CD3 + CD25 + T lymphocytes (↑) and CD3 + CD17 + T lymphocytes (↓)

Concentration of IL-6, IL-17 A, IL-17 F, IL-21, and TNF-α (↓) and concentration of IL-10

[87]

hUCB-MSCs

Phase 1/2a (17 patients)

Intravenous injection

Population of CD3 + CD4 + CD25 + CD127-/low Tregs and CD3 + CD8 + CCR7 + CD45RA- memory T cells (↑)

PASI, PGA and BSA score (↓)

neutrophil count (↓)

IgG titer (↓)

BUN levels (↓)

[88]

DPSC and HGF-DPSC

Mouse model and cell culture

?

Number of Th1 and Th17 cells (↓) and Treg (↑)

CK6 and CK17 (↓)

pro-inflammatory factors such as IFN-γ, TNF-α, and IL-17 A (↓)

IL-10 expression (↑)

expression of T-bet, RoR-γt, IL-17 A, IL-17 F, and IL-23 (↓) and FOXP3 (↑)

[89]

dermal MSCs

Cell culture

-

Expression of the TGF-β receptor (↑)

Ratio of Tregs to Th17 cells (↑)

[90]