Table 2 Summary of studies on the role of MSC-ABs in multiple pathophysiological settings
Application | Source | Disease/Experimental model | Mechanism | Role | Target cell | Clues Remarks | Ref |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Proregenerative /Organ repair | M-BM | Aged mice | Activating autophagy, contributing to autolysosome formation | Rab7 | BM-MSCs | Bone homeostasis maintenance | Lei et al., 2022 [276] |
M-BM | Rat bone defect model | Promoting the viability of endogenous BMSCs | ROS/JNK Signaling | BM-MSCs | Promoting new bone formation | Li et al., 2022 [279] | |
H-UC, H-BM | Mice apoptosis-deficient Fasmut and Bim−/− model | Assembling multiple nuclear DNA repair enzymes, such as the full-length PARP1, into ABs | PARP1 | Recipient cells | Rescue of DNA damage and elimination of senescent cells. | Hung et al., 2024 [278] | |
M-BM | Mice model | Metabolization in the integumentary skin and hair follicles | Wnt/β-catenin | Skin and hair follicle MSCs | Promoting wound healing and hair growth | Ma et al., 2023 [171] | |
R-BM | Rat myocardial infarction model | Regulate autophagy | Activation lysosome function | EC | Improve angiogenesis and cardiac function | Liu et al., 2020 [274] | |
M-BM | Mouse skin wound healing model | Polarization M1 MQ toward M2 | Migration and proliferation of fibroblasts | MQs, Fb | Accelerating wound healing process | Liu et al., 2020 [174] | |
M-BM | Mouse acute liver failure model | Form a chimeric organelle complex with recipient Golgi, Golgi recovery and ploidy transition | SNARE-mediated membrane interaction | HC | Liver regeneration and protect against acute hepatic failure | Sui et al., 2021 [303] | |
H-UC | Rat acute lung injury model | Reducing lung neutrophil infiltration, total protein leakage, IFN-γ, boost in IL-4 | Lowering myeloperoxidase activity | Neutrophils | Reducing the degree of injury in acute lung injury | Liu et al., 2016 [282] | |
M-AD | Rat sepsis syndrome model | Reduction TNF-α and creatinine levels, expressions of ICAM-1, MMP-9, TNF-α, NF-κB, Bax, caspase-3, PARP, increasing Bcl-2 | Suppressing inflammation, apoptosis, oxidative stress and enhancing anti-oxidation and anti-apoptosis | Inflammatory cells CD68+ | Protecting lung and kidney from damage | Sung et al.., 2013 [304] | |
H-DP | Mice and dog tooth implantation model | Elevating angiogenesis | Mitochondrial Tu translation elongation factor | EC | Pulp revascularization and / dental pulp regeneration | Li et al., 2022 [275] | |
H-AD | Rat model/in vitro | Enhancing proliferation and migration of EC and Fb. promoting adipogenic differentiation and inhibit the fibrogenic differentiation of Fb | Modulating fibroblasts and endothelial cells | Fb and EC | High-quality skin wound healing/reduce the area of scars | Dong et al., 2023 [277] | |
M-BM | Cardiotoxin injury tibialis anterior model | Increasing the fusion index of myoblasts | Pannexin channel | Myoblasts | Promoting muscles regeneration | Ye et al., 2023 [283] | |
Immunomodulation | H-BM | Rabbit hypertrophic scar model | Secretion of TSG-6 | Activation of caspase-3 | CD45- and CD3-positive cells | Regulated inflammation and preventing Scar formation | Liu et al., 2014 [281] |
H-BM | Murine graft-versus-host disease model | Engulfment ABs by phagocytes | Production IDO | Phagocytes | Effecting immunosuppression | Galleu et al., 2017 [58] | |
M-BM | In vitro | Inhibition MQs to skew into M1, Suppressing the secretion of TNF-α | AMPK/SIRT1/NF-κB pathway | MQs | Inhibition osteoclast formation | Ye et al., 2022 [131] | |
Disease Treatment | M-BM | Mice periodontitis model | Interferes with the function of osteoclasts | miR-223-3p targets Itgb1 | Osteoclasts | Inhibited osteoclast differentiation, alveolar bone resorption | Liu et al., 2023 [175] |
H-DP | Mice allergic airway inflammation model | Rousting immunosuppressive reaction | Reduction eosinophil infiltration | EO | Suppressing allergic airway inflammation | Laing et al., 2018 [305] | |
H-UC | Murine acute endometrial damage and Rat intrauterine adhesions models | Induction macrophage immunomodulation, cell proliferation, and angiogenesis | Reduce fibrosis and promote endometrial regeneration | MQs | Endometrial regeneration and intrauterine adhesions treatment | Xin et al., 2022 [291] | |
M-BM | Murine lupus/ Murine arthritis | Inhibited CD25 expression and IL-2 production, Preventing Th17 differentiation and memory | PS | TCD4+ | Amelioration of inflammation, lupus activity, and joint erosion in murine arthritis | Wang et al., 2023 [280] | |
H-BM | Mouse type 2 diabetes model | Induce macrophage reprogramming | Calreticulin | MQs | Counteract T2D | Zheng et al., 2021 [264] | |
M-BM, H-AD, H-BM | Mice haemophilia A model | Activate platelet functions | Fas/FasL linkage | Platelets | Ameliorate haemophilia A | Zhang et al., 2022 [263] | |
M-BM | Mice osteopenia model | Activate the Wnt/β-catenin pathway | Ubiquitin ligase RNF146/miR-328-3p/Wnt | BM-MSCs | Rescue MSC impairment and ameliorate osteopenia | Liu et al., 2018 [172] | |
H-UC | Mice sepsis model | Accumulate in the bone marrow of septic mice, switch neutrophils NETosis to apoptosis | Fas ligand, electrostatic charge | Neutrophil | Amelioration multiple organ dysfunction and improve survival | Ou et al., 2022 | |
Antitumor activity | M-BM | Mice multiple myeloma model | Restoring Fas-mediated apoptosis | Fas ligand | Multiple myeloma cell | Inhibition multiple myeloma cell growth | Wang el al., 2021 [306] |